Bahlawane discussion Essay Example for Free

Bahlawane discussion EssayConclusion Taking in account the scheme of galactoglucan syndissertation regulation (Fig. 4. 1) and the scheme of social movement regulation (Fig. 4. 2) proposed in this study, we may try to follow the effect of such regulation paths in the life styles of the bacteria. The last one is named as free alive microorganism or as symbiont in the plant bag. In the first case, the bacteria ar exposed to dryness and nutrients starvation. At this stage, the biofilm production is a pre-requisite for survival. Therefore, the EPSs biosynthesis has to be switched ON. As it is quite improbable that the cell density is high enough to sparkle the quorum signal detection system, we can speculate that MucR plays a gravestone role in activating the succinoglycan biosynthesis. Since the soil exhibits very low level of Pi, galactoglucan is, at this point produced through the activation via phoB and WggR. Upon biofilm formation, the cell density probably increases and could activate the quorum sensing system, allowing the bacteria to produce more galactoglucan and swarm towards better conditions.In such conformation, the cells present within the centre of the swarming population are non motile and synthesized EPS therefrom the cells present at the migration front are highly motile but do not synthesized EPS. It would be interesting to clarify whether a cell contraryiation, as proposed by Soto (Soto et al. , 2002), takes place at this stage. Finally, if the host is present in the next neighbourhood the chemotactic compounds, as well as the nutrients found in the rood exudates, exit attract the bacteria.When approaching the root, the moisture increases, along with the nutrients availability so that swarming motility will be replaced by swimming motility that decline progressively. Indeed, the bacteria disposed to the root, increasing the cell density that may lead to the inhibition of flagella production via ExpR / QS. Instead, EPS are produce d, allowing recognition between the plant and the microbe as well as the invasion of the modern synthesized infection thread. Once within the root, the bacteria will differentiate to bacteroid and start fixing nitrogen.We tried to highlight in this thesis the relevance of exopolysaccharides and motility for an efficient symbiosis. Great advances have been made the last years, leading to the identification of the quorum sensing interaction with motility. We participate in inclusion of MucR, as new regulator of motility and ExpR as requisite for swarming. However, the full understanding of the influence of motility in symbiosis establishment will require determination out which signals are inducing mucR and exoR/ exoS.More all over, some tests have to be implemented to investigate the symbiosis establishment in more realistic conditions. Indeed, the bacteria are usually directly inoculated to the root, so that motility, via swarming or swimming is not required. Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Alfred Puhler, Chair of the Genetics department, for allowing me use the very best infrastructure that promotes a very pleasant and conducive atmosphere during my research using performant techniques. I am especially grateful to Prof.Dr. Anke Becker, my supervisor, for giving me the chance to throw in back to research. Without her advices, ideas and resources, this work would not be possible and achieved. Thus, I thank her too for the freedom she gave me, as well as her support to test new ideas and her great help by conceiving and writing the manuscripts that become the pillars of this manuscript. Within the laboratory members, I would like to thank first Dr. Birgit Baumgarth who introduced me to the lab and to the investigated organism.Then, special thanks to Dr.Matthew McIntosh for the quorum sensing related work and his help for preparing the derived publication. Furthermore, I would like to deeply thank Dr. Natasha Pobigaylo for her friendship, her helpful discussions and for giving me courage when I am about to lose it. I thank Manuela Mayer, too, for the assistance in microarray hybridizations as well as Dr. Lisa Krol, Javier Serrania and Thomas Montfort for the everyday help in the lab. Finally, I would like to thank all Exopol root word members for the support and advices.Least, I would like to thank my family for their unending and heartwarming support in many ways. Special thanks to Rachida Bendaou, my mother-in-law, for her support in caring my children during my research. I would like to thank my children, Ines, Soraya and Jasmine, for filling up my life with love and happiness. I would like to apologize for the bad mood and stress situations that are unfortunately committed with such a thesis. My heartfelt gratitude to my understanding and loving husband, Naoufal, for his moral and financial support, for believing in me and for sharing the passion for science with me.Resume In parliamentary law to enter symbiosis with its legume partner, Sinorhizobium meliloti has to face continual changing conditions. It has more ability to adapt quickly to the situation than the ability to face it efficiently that makes the diversion in term of symbiosis efficiency. For the first interactions with its host, motility is required by S. meliloti to move towards the chemotactic compounds released by its host when exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are required later on, for the attachment to the root as well as for the invasion of the infection thread, leading to the formation of the root nodule.We focused in this study the regulatory networks leading to the coordination of motility and EPSs production in the strain Rm2011. Depending on the phosphate concentration encountered in the environment Rm2011 synthesizes two different exopolysaccharides (EPS). Galactoglucan (EPS II) is produced under phosphate starvation but alike in the presence of extra copies of the transcriptional regulator WggR (ExpG) or as a consequence of a mutation in mucR. The galactoglucan biosynthesis gene cluster contains the operons wga (expA), wge (expE), wgd (expD), and wggR (expG). devil promoters, differentially controlled by WggR, PhoB, and MucR, were identified upstream of each of these operons. The proximal promoters of the wga, wge, and wgd transcription units were constitutively active when separated from the upstream regulatory sequences. Promoter activity studies and the positions of predicted PhoB and WggR binding sites suggested that the proximal promoters are cooperatively induced by PhoB and WggR. MucR was shown to strongly inhibit the distal promoters and bound to the DNA in the vicinity of the distal transcription start sites.An redundant inhibitory effect on the distal promoter of the structural galactoglucan biosynthesis genes was identified as a new feature of WggR in a mucR mutant. question is organized in S. meliloti in a hierarchical cascade, with Class Ia genes, encoding the maj or regulator of motility VisNR controlling the expression of the class Ib gene, rem, which encodes a cardinal regulator, activating the expression of the downstream Class II and class III genes. We could demonstrate that MucR binds a DNA sequence upstream of rem, following a different mechanism as previously observed upon binding upstream of the wg genes.By this way, MucR inhibits rem expression as well as the expression of the Rem-regulated genes such as flaF and flgG. Furthermore, we addressed a balance of the swimming and swarming abilities of several S. meliloti strains derivatives of Rm2011.We could show that all strains, able to build flagella, were swimming on low viscosity agar plates. However, swarming over high viscosity agar plates required all a functional expR / sin locus, the ability to build flagellum and the production of exopolysaccharides. Finally, we propose a good example for the coordination of motility and EPSs synthesis in S. meliloti.

Convention on Prohibition of Biological Weapons Essay Example for Free

Convention on Prohibition of Biological Weapons EssayThe Biological Weapons Convention (BWC, for short) is an international treaty aimed at lemniscus the production and use of biological agents that multiply the unsoundnesss among people. This treaty is officially termed as the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction. It came into transaction in 1975, and by 2000, nearly 150 nations had signed the treaty. By virtue of clauses of the treaty, countries have been prohibited to possess big amounts of biological agents or toxins, and all the systems of munition to pass them on. Also all the member nations or the signatories may not trade into biological weapons or help other countries to develop them. It was also make obligatory for the United States and the Soviet Union who conducted experiments to produce biological weapons during the Cold War, a period of non-active h ostility between nations after World War II (1939-1945), were called upon to ratify the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) in 970s. But since the treaty did not provide for the means of verifications or inspections, nations had merely agreed to stand by it in good faith.And it was as early as 2000, when some of the political sciences had tried to figure out methods to carry out inspection and verification. (Biological Weapons Convention, 2007) Efforts to Avert Germ-warfare through BWC are Proving heartsick The US has assessed a number of programs through the Defense Advanced Research proletariats Agency (DARPA) for her defense against probable biological, chemical, and radiological attacks, but the approach is basically aimed at protecting the troops and military equipment.Nearly 100 of the signatories of the Biological Weapons Convention made a review of the progress of BWC in 2002, but to their dismay and amaze all of them found the situation quite deplorable and disappointing . Another survey conducted by Amy Smithson of the Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, found that to a greater extent(prenominal) than 80% of the elderly government officials, and congressmen thought that a biological attack in the near future was very likely, especially in view of Al-Qaedas revealed primal experiments with ricin and anthrax. And it is also very well known that nearly all antidotes for anthrax do not suffice.Besides, 40% of members had never submitted the required report, which is an utter ravishment of the BWC rules. Ms Amy Smithson added that had there were more emergent and serious efforts, the things might have moved ahead into Bio-safety and Bio-security. The director of UNIDIR (UNs disarmament research institute in Geneva), Patricia Lewis, commented that although plain the progress of work over the past few days has proved useful, yet to be more efficient and systematic, there is an ardent need of a foolproof action plan, which, she feared, may not be due until 2008. Is America Safe from Biological Attack?Although huge spending has been made on her bio-defense, the US appears as vulnerable as ever to a concerted terrorist attack. Therefore development of a better strategy and a much stronger defense is only if inconceivable without a change in the policy of federal government. It is also a part of hard American history nearly seven years back when the nation had hardly recovered from the wounds of 9/11, than someone sent Anthrax Spores to reputed Journalists and famed politicians through the US mail. The result was that five people died and more than seventeen got sick, and it was painful to observe that none of the culprits was ever caught.This attack added to the already growing fears in the US, about the hard-liners and bio-terrorists being so determined to spread disease and mayhem across the nation. To combat the threat, the Bush administration launched an unparalleled bio-defense plan, and until today al most $44 billion has been spent by the US federal government for providing protection to the civilians, organizations, and for buying the latest remedies such as the classic smallpox vaccine. But the pertinent question is whether this colossal spending has made Americans any safer? The veterans at the Center for Bio-security at the University of Pittsburgh say that the answer is a big No. Denouncing the government efforts as insufficient they hold that the US remains unable to react itself against any anthrax attack involving more than a few envelopes. So where is the big success? (Biological Weapons Convention, 2007) One of the many bio-defense efforts made by the administration is the Bio-Shield project, which was launched in 2004, and was aimed at turning drug companies into defense entrepreneurs, delivering products to fight against a potential bio-weapons threat.Although there is much in store for the figure Bio-Shield like a $5. 6 billion package to be spent by 2014 on drugs , yet the pharmaceutical companies, much against expectations havent done enough that could accomplish the Bio-Shields objectives. The half-hearted response by these companies has been a cause of perpetrating a bill in the US Congress, in order to make the Bio-Shield a more effective and more viable a project. Has Project Bio-Shield Proved Sufficient for US Bio-defense Needs Apparently the Bio-Shields strategy appears quite prudently designed.But companies normally do not cater for remedies for the unique kind of diseases thought most likely to be used as weapons, simply because there are no profits in it. Resultantly the Project Bio-Shield promises companies to buy them only the special drugs and vaccines that would counter threats of bio-weapons, giving them an option and a free hand to do the rest of job. If such is the case consequently why there has so far been a very sluggish response is a question which must be answered with firmness if not with finality. (New Scientist, 20 03)In fact Project BioShield has awarded contracts for 7 products, worth $2 billion. They are 1. Two for antibody-based therapies for botulism and anthrax. 2. One for 10 trillion doses of the militarys existing anthrax vaccine. 3. One biggest funding of $878 million has been guaranteed to VaxGen of Brisbane, California, for 75 million doses of a purer, new-generation anthrax vaccine. 4. One order is for 20 million doses of an improved smallpox vaccine from the Danish firm Bavarian Nordic, and 5. Project BioShield has provided $4 million to universities to fund basic pathogen research.Brad Smith of the Center for Bio-security said, The government has never done anything like this before, He also asserted that the surgical incision of Homeland Security must first decide what designated threats really are, and only then should the Department of Health commissions drugs or vaccines be designed to protect against them. He added that the diseases it picked so far pertain only to anthrax, botulism and smallpox. However, the targeted one bug, one drug approach has been seen by some experts as basically wrong.A better approach, they say, would be to aim for broad-spectrum remedies that work against many different bacteria or viruses. But then it would be more cost-effective would offer mere defense binding against terrorists with whatever their choice of bio-weapon be, and would also come with additional advantage of protection against natural diseases. Tucker remarked, if something works for flu and for bio-weapons as well, why not do that? (New Scientist, 2003) A recent research by think tanks like Tucker and Andrew Grotto shows that much more effort is yet required.Only seven states and cardinal cities have the capability to administer stockpiled vaccines on a adult scale, Tucker said. He added that most Americans live in states that have no plans for dealing with large numbers of casualties caused by contagious diseases. The new bill that was presented before the Congress attempted to address some of these problems i. e. to appoint a new health deposit for public health to improve the quality of equipment for medical emergencies, and to provide $1 billion as annual funding.But this would not have been enough to work the delivery problem, or give hospitals the capacity to deal with a surge in patients. Although the bill, presented before Congress, mandated research into new tools and methods for developing drugs and vaccines, yet it did not go ahead in the way to taking Project Bio-Shields focus away from the one bug, one drug strategy and on to a broader spectrum of remedies. But this newest Bio-Shield Project certainly did no go any further to solve the problems of how to get remedies out to any probable and potential victims of the bio-weapons attack. (MacKenzie and Debora, 2006)ReferencesAcademic Research Premier cannister the line against bio-terror hold? 2006 (Economist, 00130613, Vol. 381). Biological Weapons Convention 2007 htt p//www. worldbookonline. com/wb/ obligate? id=ar726514st=biological+warfare Accessed, July 7, 2007 Bob. B. 2007 WMD Antidotes Still Go to Iraq (National Journal, 03604217, Vol. 39, Issue Lussier, Frances M. 2007 Gas mask. http//www. worldbookonline. com/wb/Article? id=ar217900 Accessed, July 7, 2007 MacKenzie, Debora. 2006. Fortress America (New Scientist Vol. 191, p18-21) Ross. S. America the Beautifuls Germ Warfare Rash, Jul/Aug2007 (Humanist, 00187399 Vol. 67, Issue 4)

Microbiology Essay Example for Free

Microbiology EssayUnknown reports in microbiology are written in scientific format. Scientific writing is written differently from other types of writing. The results of the exercise or experiment are what are being showcased, non the writing. The purpose of scientific writing is not to entertain, simply to inform. The writing should be simple and easy to understand. thither is a specific style that must be followed when writing scientific reports.Scientific writing is typically written in the passive voice. The pronouns I, We and They are not typically apply. . For example, instead of writing I used a TSA agar plate to isolate my unknown, it is customary to write, A trypticase soy agar (TSA) plate was used to isolate the unknown.It is also customary to write in the past tense for most of the report. This includes the introduction, the summary, the description of the materials and methods and the results. The present tense is reserved for the conclusions ab bulge out the resu lts. See the examples given below. Some other general rules that should be followed areMicrobial nomenclature The name of the bacterium should written and spelled correctly. The name should be italicized or underlined. Italicized is preferred. For example, Staphylococcus aureus. The genus is capitalized hardly the species is not. After the full genus name is given in the paper, it can be written as S. aureus, but still italicized. This is as long as in that respect in no other genera in the paper that starts with the same letter.MATERIALS AND METHODSThis is where the details of the study are listed. Where did the specimen come from, and what methods were used to identify it? Be specific, but do not re write the lab manual(a). One way is to mention the names of the materials used and reference the lab manual for the effect or method and then continue to elaborate when necessary. See example 1. Example 1 An unknown labeled as letter G was given out by the lab instructor. The met hods that have been learned thus far for identifying bacteria have been applied to this unknown. Procedures were followed as stated in the course laboratory manual by De Mers (1), unless otherwise noted.The first procedure that needed to be done was to streak the unknown out on a Trypticase Soy Agar plate, utilise the T streak method described in the lab manual.. This needed to be done in order to test the purity of the unknown. After the plates were incubated and grown, the morphology was observed and recorded and a guanine stain was performed. Quality control bacteria were Gram stained along with the unknown to make sure that the Gram stain reaction was done correctly . After determining the Gram reaction, specific biochemical tests were performed. The biochemical tests were chosen from the unknown identification tables that were in the lab manual. Since unknown G was determined to be a Gram negative rod, an oxidase test was performed and the organism was inoculated into a BCP lactose tube. Note all of these tests were performed by the methods listed in the lab manual by De Mers (1). Table 1 lists the test, purpose, reagents and results. All of the following tests were performed on this unknown1. Oxidase test2. BCP Lactose3. Indole4. H2S5. Citrate6. Motility7. Methyl rosy8. UreaAnother way is to write out the methods in detail in either a paragraph form or listed. This way is not necessary for this type of paper, since this is lab report for the identification of an unknown bacterium and the methods are explained in detail in the lab manual. If there is a procedure that the instructor added or made changes to, or the student used another procedure not in the course lab manual, then it should be written out and referenced.

Natural And Eco Tourism In Dubai Tourism Essay

Natural And Eco Tourism In Dubai Tourism EssayTourism is a fast-growing industry, but with the credit crunch in 2008, figures have dropped as people have less money to spend as a holidaymaker all over the world. Many countries rely on magic spellism sector greatly as the income generated by this sector is easily planned to be invested in another(prenominal) sectors of the agricultural like education, sports, defence and health.Economic recession has led to increase in oil prices. These fluctuating oil prices result in the airway industry imposing further fuel surcharges to cover higher costs, which have to be met by the consumer through increased air ticket prices. This has put the consumer arrive at travelling during the high-ticket(prenominal) periods. Unfortunately, the touristry sector these days is experiencing not only economical disasters but other emerging issues as sound. In secernate to forecast at the whole scenario of travel and tourism industry in terms o f latest alarming situations (decreased access to congenital resources for the local communities and surroundal degradation) lets take Dubai as a finis. In this context, we give mappingicularly look at the termination not economically but ecologically and lifelikely specifically.http//t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcQ5CEJ5GGFrNM6u6mXLPX17O856OyMIPO_xUPmcR5o89jjkxOXhInfrastructure of DubaiThe Dubai government surgical incision of Tourism and Commerce Marketing (DTCM) is the main organisation for the promotional material and maturation of tourism in the emirate. The department has taken over the licensing of hotels, hotel apartments, tour operators, tourist assault companies and travel agents. It has a supervisory role covering all tourists, archaeological and heritage sites, tourism conferences and exhibitions, the physical process of tourism information services and the licensing and organisation of tour guides. The government provides on-going development to the infras tructure, and the recent opening of the port Rashid cruise line terminal is just one of a series of innovation aimed at railroad siding the total tourism product base within Dubai. It is hoped that this terminal will do for cruising what the opening of Dubai Duty Free did for air traffic arrivals. The government has a direct stake in the tourism sector through the development and ownership of a number of the major hotels as well as owing(p) theme parks such(prenominal) as Wild Wadi. This investment is not just a matter of expenditure it is clearly demonstrating that graphic symbol must be paramount. http//t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcQQeds-zs-P2La2ChQp9qvZfpxcvmC8cse3NVJcGeUGbl_VhtsbThe DTCM had set an vulturous target of attracting 15 million tourists by the year 2010, which they have achieved. Projections for the immediate future ar summarised in the fol first-class honours degreeing figure.Targets for Dubais tourism futureYearDubai hotel guests (Millions)Dubai hotel be ds (Thousands)20035.2439.820046.0848.220057.0655.920068.1964.820079.4975.2200811.0187.2200912.78101.2201015.00117.3201118.24122.7Such targets argon not over- overambitious for DTCM. Expatriates and foreign visitants merchantman enjoy a relaxed and pleasant life style in Dubai. There is virtually no crime, apartments and villas are modern and spacious, and the climate greatly appeals to those who enjoy warm weather. There are many clubs and societies in Dubai. Freedom of worship is allowed for all religions. Foreign newspapers, magazines, films and videos are all available. Alcohol may be consumed in hotels and in licensed club premises. Women can drive and move approximately unaccompanied. In 2002, free employ ownership for UAE nationals as well as expatriates in certain select property developments was introduced in Dubai and 25 years mortgage loans become available. Initially focalisation was centred on the Palm, Dubai Marina, and other developments of Emmar properties but aft er the completion of these swans new man do wonders are forthcoming. The potential for visiting friends and relatives will thus be good increased.The Palm had already been described as the 8th wonder of the world and was the sort of project that some say could only have taken coiffe in Dubai. It consists of two massive, artificial islands the Palm Jumeirah and the Palm Jebal Ali. Each island is being built in the shape of a palm tree consisting of a canvass of 17 fronds, a trunk and a surrounding crescent island, the back of which forms a protective break water. Each island is approximately six kilometres long and 5.5 kilometres. unneurotic they will add nearly 120 kilometres of much sought-after coast line to Dubai.Approximately 3000 homes and at least 40 luxury hotels have been built on each island, capable of birthing a total of 400 yachts. The Palm is just one of several Nakheel residential projects others include the World, Jumeirah Islands, Jumeirah Lake Towers and the Gardens.Dubai will concern to improve the destinations infrastructure, and the following are just some of the developments that are either already planned or completed or in actual formulation or development to support visitor growth targetsHydro polis- the worlds first under water hotelDubai airport expansion to handle 70 million passengers by 2016Dubai fete City-4 kilometre site along the CreekDubai land the regions biggest tourism project aiming for 200,000 visitors a day- to include five themed leisure areas and the Mall of Arabia, the Worlds biggest mallExtending Dubai Railway projectBurj Dubai the worlds tallest towerThe emirate contained a mix of natural and cultural attractions that formed the basis of a very marketable leisure tourism product. The existing natural attractions includeMiles of clean un-crowded beaches along the shores of Arabian Gulf http//t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcQ00bEjqDhgeTP_RaZMGxiHhDFPdfphroNR6kutwq75Ed-yFtcFFAA subtropical climate with averag e temperatures of 18 C in January 33 C in July and yearly precipitation of less than 150mm,contributing to a yearlong tourist seasonThe availability of water sports of all year around in the gulfDesert dunes for a diverseness of outdoor activities and leisure pursuitsThe Hatta Mountains for Wadi-bashing and other adventurous pursuitsThe Al Maha environmental conservation reserve, the base for the re-introduction of the Arabian Oryx.Dubai is a migratory crossroads in two(prenominal) spring and autumn for many bird species.The Khor Dubai Wildlife sanctuary is home to one thousand Greater Flamingos.Dubai also had a strong cultural heritage to travail for tourism purposes. Important elements of this cultural attractiveness to occidental visitors includeThe exotic middle eastern atmosphere associated with the hustle and bustle of the Souks and dhow Wharves along Dubai CreeksThe distinctly put Eastern architecture of the wind towers , Mosques and palacesThe traditional welcoming an d hospitable culture of the Arab worldMass and sustainable tourismMass tourism is the result of move in the means of technology especially air, rail and road. The comfortable aircrafts with essential in flight services and many more(prenominal) to offer the passengers have do travelling fun and unsophisticated. Since having the foreigners in a country for pleasure or holidays in great poesy have left field many electronegative impacts in the past therefore the collect of the sustainability was felt. In past, mass tourism has threatened the destinations with cultural, environmental, social, religious and economical impacts therefore the urge to develop the tourism sector became obligatory for tourist boards and governing bodies. This led to sustainable tourism. http//t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcQvy1JvgM6QidDTw6dR41a7XNKXd04pE2Z2VQ3VAkZ8_sfiHRJBSustainable tourist activity, on the contrary, encompasses being sensitive to the cultural, religious and environmental and social aspects of a particular destination, aiding the environment and fostering the local economic growth through travel and tourism activities. Sustainable tourism surrounds the ideals of protecting and not disturbing the natural resources and maintaining the good kindred with the host population.Going back to the example of Dubai as a destination, in past due to the weather, gold, tax free country, and Dubai airport facilities and duty free, safaris, luxurious adaption etc., the destination has confronted with the mass tourism. Traffic, noise pollution, litter pollution, fights with the local community and crimes made the authorities alert and minimize the negative effects of the tourism despite of its economical advantages. DTCM the tourist board of strategic planning in the country thus, implemented the plan to restrict the infinite number of tourists. The figure above states that clearly which can only be undergone by a destination that follows sustainable tourism policy.Looking at the marvellous, rummy projects of Burj ul Arab, Safari, water sports, Dubai Mall etc. the evidences that a destination may have to support Sustainable tourism. It is obvious that Dubais main industry is not Oil but tourism. Even many forthcoming events and projects will hold up attracting the tourists from all around the world. Sustainable tourism means to contact the present demands of the tourists without risking the future of the destination which is very apparent in DTCMs planning. All the resources of the country are well planned and utilized to serve the tourism sector. Eco, Natural, Cultural tourism are the elements that unveils the well management and strategic scenario of the destination.Acceptance of a Cosmo-Politian lifestyleAlthough these natural and cultural assets have clearly contributed to Dubai s success as a destination, it is very important to emphasise that they have been greatly enhanced by ambitious investments in the tourism infrastructure on the part of both customary and private sectors. http//t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcTFfNT_QL9Deu-0yevTkJPQfRCJn0NWYDPdwesha_pGXYawgJOcDestination DubaiUnited Arab Emirate (UAE) comprises seven members Abu Dhabi, the capital urban center, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, Ras Al Khaima and Fujairah. Dubai, with an area of 3885 square kilometres, is a second largest emirate. It is situated on the banks of the Dubai creek, a natural inlet from the Arabian Gulf, which divides the city into Deira District to its north and Bur Dubai to its South, the city ranks as the UAEs most important port and commercial centre. Along the Arabian Gulf coast there are off shore islands, coral reefs and Sabkha (salt marshes). Stretches of go plane and sandy dessert characterise the inland region. To the east, a range of mountains lie close to the Gulf of Oman and forms a back bone through the Mussandam peninsula. The western interior of the country, most of it in Abu Dhabi, consists mainly of desert inter spersed with oases.http//t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcSjkF0Jjz6PAvFd4pMa2m1dYkScE5EREigE2N3ZhEvVd4lKQ87tThe emirate embraces a wide variety of scenery in a small area. In a single day, the tourists can experience everything from rugged mountains and owe inspiring sand dunes to sandy beaches and lush green parks from dusty village to luxurious residential districts and from ancient houses with wind towers to ultra modern shopping malls.Tourism in DubaiThe impressive development, climate, hospitality and world class airport has attracted many tourists around the world to the grasp of Dubai. In 1985, the introduction of apportion winning air line Emirates was established to smooth the transaction of tourists in and out. In 1989, Dubai recorded only 630 thousand visitor arrivals, but number increased drastically to over 8 millions, in 2003, with at least 458 thousand coming from the UK. Dubai has managed to increase its number of visitors by over 1200% in smallish more than a de cade and tourism is now, at 12% of the gross domestic product (GDP), one of the emirates more important and express growing sectors of the economy. Dubai significance as a global destination stems from the particular that it can be viewed from two main perspectives. It is not just a simple holiday destination it is an important commercial, trading and business centre as well. Therefore visitors to Dubai provide examples of the three categories into which tourists are usually divided. They are identified ashttp//t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcTRbbNqdZ3UbOTAo7IJsw-_Yo4gEPDaxDyBae93cGYOWL2Iu_PdLeisure visitors 44%Business visitors 45%Visiting friends and relatives (VFR) 8%Not classified 3%Previously viewed in tourism terms as little more than a duty free stop over, Dubai today has become a highly acclaimed destination offering an outstanding range of facilities and services for both leisure and business travellers.Its geographical location is 55 degree East, 25 degree North on the Southern shore of Arabian Gulf. It is strategically placed at the cross roads of three continents Europe, Asia, Africa- a natural meeting place. Dubai is now a major zephyr hub for the Emirates air hose and so attracts visitors wanting a stopover.Natural and eco tourismEmirates airlineWelcome from our ChairmanEmirates airline chairman promoting greeneryThe first Eco flight (see appendix 1) from Dubai to San Francisco known as green flight took off on 18th Jan 2009 indicates the vigilance of the government in terms of its environment. Such an initiative was worked out between EK airline and Airbus Company to promote safe and pure environment. This indicates that the award winning airline is environmental conscious and promotes it product (flying with the carriage) but not on the risk of spreading pollution. It is the best example of eco and natural tourism as EK airline does not want to take any step which can damage the surroundings of the people or harmful natural life animals a nd plants deliver the goods in.Al Maha desert resortIt is generally accepted amongst most nations that approximately 8 to 10% of their land area should be put aside for the conservation of their indigenous habitats, the office of such a policy is to insure that the nations historic environment is permanently retained as part of its heritage that the diversity of beast and flora within the nation is kept intact as a representative sample of the original habitat. It is intended that such conserved areas can function without disturbance or undue intervention from human elements.http//t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcQcuBM8v_futKEADdvnA8aCImMtCHCk1C6To_1EjsGC71Pii7wBhgAl Maha is the first eco tourism resort in UAE. Dubai has several environments worthy of conservation within such a frame work. Apart from the dune environment there is also the mountain habitat around Hatta and coasts intertidal strip. Each of these represents a separate, distinct and unique habitat type within Dubai. Each has its own fauna and flora, its own appeal to the visitor and its distinct historic, geological and archaeological merits. Al Maha has been developed with backbone eco tourism principles under pinning its commercial success. http//t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcQjmQD_KzmpEHJbxRIxlembZmQGjNJ5QKOT5jAs5s4HCy6D4aZkRgThe environment is supposed to be free of intrusive disturbances with surroundings this includes the restriction of all artificial noise from the operation and ambient noise from the resorts surroundings. The restriction of any human structures which impinge on the natural land space confines the development of the resorts own infrastructure to a minimum land area. The land making up the resort must provide a natural, original and unique environment for the guests, where they feel a part of the conservation process this allows the guests to feel that their support is directly contributing to the conservation of the area they are experiencing. One of the major contri butors to the success of eco tourism resorts worldwide is the fact that the guest enjoys exclusivity. The rate charge is function of the exclusivity enjoyed and paid for by the guest. The undisturbed settings, the personal attention and service standards not achievable in the large public facilities are the basis of high yield eco tourism products. The guest must be assured of privacy, discretion and an unobtrusive environment. The experience must also be meaningful to the visitor, providing aspects which are educational, comfortable and divergent from normal life style-thus assuring the guest the time spent in the resort is an enchantment to his or her quality of life.The resort must meet the perceptions and expectations of the guests with regard toAccommodationFacilitiesArchitecture and designSurroundingsTo meet these criteria, Al Maha has adopted traditional historic aspects, with operational requirements, to meet the guest perception and expectation of the desert and Arabian her itage. A portion of land surrounding the core area of the resort has been demarcated for protection, and all activities capable of devaluing the environment are restricted. Isolation has been reinforced by means of the introduction of animals proof fencing, which will allow the establishment of indigenous species in viable breeding numbers within free roaming settings. The program has been very successful and guests are now issued with their own fauna and flora checklist guide to record the various species that they have seen. The variety of elements used provides a suitable illustration of how far the desert resort has now developed in terms of conservationGrass (Herb, Dune, Basket and Cats Tail) pubic hair ( Broom Bush, Dye Plant and Milkwort)Herb ( Callous, Palm Lettuce and Arabian Cotton)Plant (Crimson Wort, Spiny Disk and Dwarf Pea Plant)Tree (Salam, Ghaf and Sidr)Mammal (Sand Gazelle, Arabian coney and Gird)Reptile (Monitor Lizard, Sand Skink and Sand Snake)Birds (Common and may be resident or migrant-300 species recorded)Impacts of natural and eco tourism in DubaiUnprotected environment of any country in any regard can disturb the economy drastically. The disastrous situation where the government invests most of its resources in tourism sector rather than sports, education, health and other sectors, can lead the destination sudden collapse that causes destruction to the economy as a whole. Ignoring the eco and natural issues in destination planning and promotion will cause the following pitfalls http//static.amefiles.com/images/news/large/5/77505-Al_Maha_Desert_Resort_Spa.jpgAll the tourists will misuse the resources of the destination and there will be nothing left to offer for next group of tourists next season. For example, beaches of Dubai or safari. It is important that the authorities are well managing such sites so that they are presentable to be offered to other tourists for amusements and relaxations.The entire infrastructure used to access na tural sites like deserts, wild wadi, zoo, Al Maha Desert need to be watched by authorities all times. The expensive bridges, motor ways, services need a lot of investment to be built so their utility should be long lived and must be every bit used by locals and tourists safely.Natural life of Dubai is consisting of desert and potential animals. Their protection is momentous so that they are not endangered or extinct. Hunting such species should not be appreciated at all and in fact some fine must be imposed upon to undergo this pleasure. Tourists might need this notification.The increasing demand and forecast of tourism is a major threat for the land and other resources (like in Egypt the residents were asked to move their ancestors house because the government wants to build a five star hotel to accommodate Tourists in Luxor) in the country. It is due to the planning in future which may lead to lay more buildings to accommodate the tourists by making hotels, services, park or other type of attractions. The demolishing 0f the deserts will affect the habitat of many species and their existence will be affected. http//t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcTxax9lvclTZKx5F0YuGvdM-iVZVqT9I94uDlkUKcpL5Jziqhwl-A pollution no matter air, dust, litter or noise by tourists will also demonstrate the inability of DTCM (local tourism board) to prevent the destination from negative effects of touristic activities. Especially beaches and deserts if polluted by the tourists will result in developing hatred in host population and conflicts will take place. have host population is the biggest element to like a destination. Any naturally or ecologically disruption in the surroundings of the local community will force the government to put a stop to the transition of tourists. This can be done very easily but the damages that have been made to the destination can never be repaired so quickly.The greater developments in Dubai to promote Tourism is of course utilising the natural resour ces like mountainous area, land, desert, beaches etc. This never stop development might not leave enough attractions for coming generation to be proud of. The natural treasure of wild life or other animals will become the history. Establishing tourism sector on the risk of losing the real identity of the country should not be the approach of the strategic planners. Sustainability tourism is the answer of all such issues.Ecotourism became popular in the 1980s as a form of tourism that focused exclusively on wildlife, nature or exotic cultures. Some research indicates that such tourism may not in fact benefit these communitiesas it might lead to them becoming dependent on the tourist economy, without developing skills that would allow them flexibility in the economy and be more of a long term guarantee./RecommendationTourism sector of Dubai has a lot to offer. Millions of tourists have visited the destination and many more are planning to visit this luxurious, advance, modern destinat ion to enjoy the safari, Wild Wadi and marine life etc.http//www.mydigitallife.info/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/dynamic-architecture-dubai.jpgDue to the Political turmoil in certain parts of the nerve center East, is likely to benefit Dubais tourism industry and economy. To the extent that Dubai is viewed as an alternative destination to countries such as Lebanon, Tunisia and Egypt, it is likely to benefit as some visitors change their travel plans in favor of the emirate.The collapse of the Hariri government in Lebanon has plunged the country into what is likely to be a prolonged period of political uncertainty in which the threat of violence is ever-present.Events in Tunisia and Egypt have generated a great deal of negative publicity for the tourism sectors in those countries, and will likely impact bookings and arrivals this year.Regardless of whether these concerns are justified, the likelihood is that some of the most important tourism destinations in the Middle East are likely to see a fall in visitors in 2011.ConclusionFrom the outgoing account I want to sum up that that Tourism is now the fastest growing sector of Dubais economy, contributing about 19% to the Dubais GPD in 2005, and 20% as of late 2007. This is made possible by ever increasing numbers of tourists. About 3.6 million tourists visited Dubai in 2001 and more than six million came in 2005. As of 2007, Dubais hotels received about 6.5 million visitors that contributed us$3.5 billion to the local economy.Dubai is one of the few international destinations to see an increase in visitors over the last year, successfully retaining its position as a first tourism and trade hub as Despite the economic climate, visitors to Dubai reached an all-time high of 11,996,449 in 2010 and even though the pace of growth has slowed.Having developed a highly desirable and increasingly diversified premium tourism product, Dubai continues to meet the needs of an ever-expanding audience. With so much to offer bo th leisure, eco, sustainable, natural, and cultural and business visitors, from causebreaking attractions to frontmost hospitality, it is little wonder that Dubai is experiencing such significant growth. Dubai attracts more visitors each year than any Arab country outside of Egypt and hosts a major shopping festival in the first quarter that traditionally attracts hordes of regional retail visitors.http//t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcSv4NvD-_IwJuoy-AWEL8N5MtjqSOVS1uxzttsqWaNuKEskRWTYZAIn this regard, the dense growth of this sector has never let the strategic planners ignore the environment, local populations right, natural sightseeing, cultural ranges and belief etc.The fast emergence of Dubai on the world tourism map and its spectacular performance is undoubtedly the result of aggressive global marketing and promotional agenda being pursued by theDepartment of Tourism and Commerce Marketing(DTCM).The department, in co-operation and co-ordination with public and private sect or organizations, has been successfully developing the appeal of the destination that offers tourists the opportunity to explore traditional Arabian hospitality along with a contemporary lifestyle. All the attractions are well planned and maintain the ecology and natural resources of Dubai for future tourism and its host population.Continuing its aggressive marketing and promotional drive in 2010,DTCMhas high lighten the strengths and attractions of the emirates vibrant tourism industry in 36 overseas travel exhibitions and hosting exclusive road shows and workshops in 10 countries.Dubais tourism product offering has considerably expanded last year and more changes are expected this year. Last year, the global tourism industry too underwent rapid changes due to the global economic downturn, requiring fast-rising destinations like Dubai to adopt strategies to remain at the cutting-edge of the highly-competitive business.In short, Dubais position as the leading tourism destination an d commercial hub in the world is very prominent and DTCMs mission is to strengthen the Dubai economy through the development of sustainable tourism.Appendix 1Emirates operates worlds longest eco-flightSunday 18 January 2009 838 AMTheDubai-based airline Emirates has claimed that the first service to operate on its new route from Dubai to San Francisco was the first ever cross-polar green flight and the worlds longest eco-friendly journey.On December 15th, the airline began operations on the 16-hour, non-stop service that uses a Boeing 777-200 long-range aircraft in what the company has called the Em-vironment flight.To plot the most efficient course for the flight, Emirates has worked with government agencies in Dubai, Russia, the US and Canada. other measures that the airline will also employ to maximize the eco-friendly potential of the new route include the use of electrical power while the aircraft is on the ground in Dubai, the minimal use of thrust when landing, and single-engi ne taxiing to its destination gate at San Francisco airport.Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al-Maktoum, Emirates chairman and chief executive, saidAfter months of planning, Emirates Em-vironment flight is a best-practice trial of how airlines, governments, manufacturers, technology providers and airports can work together to be as eco-efficient as possible.The San Francisco inaugural flight will be a dual milepost of commencing services between two great cities and also demonstrating the best our industry can offer in environmental efficiency.Emirates claims that, with some 58 Airbus A380s, A350-XWB and Boeing 777 planes on order (more than any other airline), it will have the worlds greenest fleet of wide-bodied aircraftAppendix 2http//www.africa-ata.org/images/aba/uar_spdj-1222.jpgAppendix 3The Emirates Groups vision is to be an environmental leader in the aviation and travel industries. Our goal is to make sustainability and eco-efficiency the cornerstones of all group operations, in the air and on the ground.Aviation is one of the worlds most important contributors to economic and social development particularly in the developing world. The aviation industry employs over 32 million people worldwide and represents 35% of world trade by value it contributes US$1.1 trillion per annum to world GDP.The aviation industry recognises that, although it is only responsible for less than 2%, of global nursery gas emissions from human activity, it must be perpetrate to growing sustainably and reducing growth of its emissions. To put this in perspective, shipping accounts for some 4% of human emissions, while ground transport accounts for almost 14% (IPCC, 2004). At current growth rates, aviation is expected to account for only 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Read more about this atwww.flyingmatters.org.Emirates is committed to a global solution for managing the growth in international aviation emissions, through ICAO the International Civil Aviation Organisa tion as mandated by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in the 1997 Kyoto Protocol.Our customers, staff and regulators are increasingly conscious about the environment and greenhouse gas emissions.Emirates has committed to environmentally-responsible operations through the Groups Corporate Environmental Policy (click here to view). This policy is implemented internally through the Emvironment programme which is communicated internally and externally to staff, customers and all stakeholders.Our focus is becoming an ecologically-efficient organisation growing our business to be economically sustainable, while using fewer resources and creating less waste and pollution. If we achieve these aims, it benefits our customers, the environment and our business the triple bottom line.The Emirates Groups commitment to eco-efficiency means multi-billion dollar investments in the most modern, eco-efficient technology available- in aircraft, engines and ground equipment we strive to be leaders in eco-efficiency in our industry and in our region.We are committed to operating our assets in the most environmentally responsible manner, and in compliance with all applicable environmental regulations and standards.Emirates firmly support our industrys four-pillar strategy to reduce emissions, as developed by our industry body the International Air Transport Association (IATA). Read more about this strategy atwww.enviro.aero.Implementation of this strategy includes the use of new technology throughout our Group making significant investments in the most modern, low-noise, low emissions aircraft available encouraging governments to make air navigation more fuel and emission friendly and reducing the environmental impact of our ground operations.We are committed to further reductions in fuel consumption and emissions per passenger our fuel efficiency rates are already 30% lower than the global fleet average. another(prenominal) goals include staff educa tion, waste reduction and recycling, lower energy use and greater communication internally and externally.Our Emvironment Champions

Futures and Options Essay

Futures and Options EssayThe agreement to subvert and sell such commodities is made through shoves to bring in right in barter as it involves cash payments margins, delivery of goods and scope for profit maximisation. The emergence of contract systems eventually led to trading in contracts whereby a middlemen stands in between buyers and sellers. The active trading in such contracts brought standardisation which in turn led to the development of hereafters contracts.A future day contract is a standardised, book binding agreement to make or take delivery of a specified quantity and grade of a commodity at an established point in future at an agreed upon price. The organization of merchants involved in the trading these commodities evolved into an organisation that standardised the contracts and trading practises and came to be known as The Futures Exchange such as the New York Board of Trade (NYBOT) and the London external Financial Futures Exchange. One essential objective of the exchange is to provide the dealers with all necessary breeding with regard to price volatility i.e. the magnitude of price straw man in either direction. Note that it measures price risk and volatility but does not choose or eliminate risks. The exchange provides the benchmark for the determination of price by making price margins mandatory for effective fair trading.Future transactions do not require full advance payments for the commodity (just the margin), the buyer of a futures contract which increases in value (or the seller of futures contract which decreases in value) can catch a profit which can be substantial in relation to the commitment of capital.Brazil today is the human race largest producer of umber tree. Considering this figures, it is not surp wage increase to tag that it has attracted considerable amount of speculation and ever increasing susceptibility to price volatility.Coffee product has direct linkage with weather besides many spic-and-span(pr enominal) cistrons such as world cocoa prices. A deep brown berry drink manufacturer will buy coffee beans from a coffee producer at an agreed price if he/she expects to have drastic climatic changes which will result in coffee being expensive at a future date. A sudden drop in the w atomic number 18 in future will cut supply and make it more expensive. the buyer can, therefore, avoid inessential risk by buying a futures contract that will guarantee him delivery of coffee at a future date at a price fixed now. However, it must also be noted that he/she will suffer loss if the future current/spot price of coffee beans were to fall drastically due to improved production and competitions.Take an exemplar of Brazil The Brazilian Crop was initially expected to produce about 50 million bags of coffee. Seasonal disturbances such as rain, harvest delays and quality problem caused production to fall to 33.5 million bags. Due to severe drought in Viet Nam coffee production dropped by almost 1 million bags. These shortages of coffee production distort the supply level which leads to a global rise in prices.So what roles does the future commercializes play in the production and selling of coffee? Taking these points into account the next chapter looks at the Indian and world coffee markets and the role future market plays in its pricing. In the analysis, I have made use of some articles from the Times of India newspaper and other websites.It is logical to state that at generation of shortage prices tend to go up due to higher demand and which in turn puts pressure on sellers to sell their product at a lower price. We know from our analysis before that a buyer will resort to futures contract if he expects the prices to go up in future. However considering that the production too has been low the chances of producing the required amount to meet the demand is less which adds to speculation in the market.The plow also suggests one source as look that it is bette r to pay penalty and cancel a contract rather than to loose significant amount of money by fulfilling it. Note that sometimes the consentaneous idea of futures contract is not meet the obligation in terms of delivering the commodity but to profit from the speculation that these uncertainties give rise to.The world coffee production in 2003/2004 was estimated to be around 105.3 million 60 kilogram bags peck nearly 2 percent from forecast made in June and down 15 percent from the 2002/03 season. Factors such as lower production contribute to great extent the price determination. For the yr 2004/2005 it was widely believed that Brazilian coffee production to be around 33-35 million bags but due to substandard weather and low level of coronation the production is likely to be below 30 million bags. This drop in production is likely to cut the supply level and Brazil being the world largest producers, any drop in its output will affect the world supply and thereby raise the price.The se uncertainties lead to prices going up in the futures markets. It has long been felt that some traders hold stocks to vex the prices up and then sell it to make supernatural profits.Lets look at the graphical representation of prices of Robusta class of coffee as determined at the International Coffee Organisation (ICO) to assess the trends in the market. The graph below shows that since November 2004 Robusta coffee prices have increased at a slow and steady pace. However, a report that appeared on the Economic Times suggests that volatility in the world prices over the last few days have affected trading in coffee in the markets. The ICO in its Coffee Market Report seems to suggest that the downturn in mid-April caused a slight fall of 3.19 percent in the monthly total of the ICO Composite Indicator Price which dropped from 101.44 cents/lb in March to98.20 cents/lb in April. It also suggests that this has been due to high level of activity from various investment funds.Comparin g the results put forward by the ICO to the recent reports in the Economic Times newspaper (24/05/2005) the volatility in the world prices have triggered a bullish trend in the Indian markets which explains why trading in the coffee auctions markets have suffered. Estimates shows that there was a 40 percent drop in the general quantum sold when compared to the previous ICTA auction. The beginning of the year showed a significant climb in the moving amounts between January and mid-March and then a significant drop work on the mid of April. One of the least complex ways to use a moving average is to simply look at the slope a rising slope indicates that the market is in an uptrend and falling slope indicates a downward trend in the market. Moving Averages is a statistical technique for smoothing price movement in order to identify the trends more easily. It is equally important to understand that moving averages are sensitive to the lean of days used to calculate the average i.e. the more days that are used the less sensitive is the average.Some experts are of the view that MA can be a critical factor in decision making. For e.g. traders can make use of one or more MA to determine buy or sell decisions i.e.to use a slow MA together with a fast MA. A slow moving average can be calculated by taking more days opening or closing prices and fast moving average by taking fewer days prices. In a more dilate way, what it means is that you must buy when the faster MA goes above the slower one and sell when the faster MA goes below the slower one or buy when prices are above both fast and slow MA and sell when prices are below both MA.The chart below is a graphical example of how a Moving Average looks like as of 05/27/2005. The Red Line (price line) is above the moving average so the trend is up indicating that the market is bullish and also the fast moving average (dark blue) is above the slow moving average (light blue).Volume of7078.00 suggests the measure of tr ading activity during the selected period of time. It refers to the number of futures contract that are either bought or sold during that period. Open Interests, on the other hand, measures the number of futures contract that remains open at a extra point in time, usually at the closing of trade.In the next chapter, I have looked at India as a producer of Coffee. India is relatively new into the coffee future markets and has performed exceedingly well. However, due to the speculative nature of the futures market and also bureaucratic hurdles have led to decrease in contract sales and increased price and non-competitiveness in the global coffee market.The two principal species of coffee grown in India are Robusta and Arabica. Trading in coffee futures was introduced only recently and prices are extensively depended on the coffee trading in the New York and London futures markets as it has considerable influence on the world coffee prices. These prices are notoriously volatile and va ries considerably due to factors such as weather forecast, size of the coffee stock worldwide and speculations in the futures marketsThe Indian coffee production and physical trade is worth over $ 430 million annually. The production of Indian coffee is greatly influenced by world prices particularly since it is the bite largest actively traded commodity in the world market. The Coffee Futures Exchange India Limited was formed under the supervision of Forwards Markets Commission to look into all trading practices affecting coffee prices. The main objectives are To provide hedging opportunity against coffee price risk.To stop guaranteed delivery of coffee.To provide a price baring mechanism for future period up to 18 months at any given point of time.Besides these it is important to look at the mechanism COFEI uses to ensure that market participants follows the rules in ensure financial integrity. Factors such as margins, Price limits for trading, daily marking-to-market of all tr ades and sufficient capital including guarantee funds ensures that proper procedures are followed when a contract is bought and sold. In India, coffee has been categorized into 4 different types with each having different margins for smooth and efficient trading. The table next page gives a snapshot view of how coffee in India is traded and in particular the different class of coffee whether raw or clean.The coffee industry, in general, has seen surge in prices by almost 40 percent. Exports in recent times have been hit quiet badly. Reports on the Financial Express newspaper suggest that exportation have suffered especially due to the price non-competitiveness in the world markets. India exported nearly 225,000 tonnes of coffee last year with majority (50 %) of it going to Europe. Indias coffee production and exports for the year 2005-06 (October- folkember) are forecast to increase by 5% and 29%, respectively. The anticipated rise in coffee export is against the backdrop of almost 26% lineage in the current year (2004-05/Oct-Sep).Coffee exports are expected to fall to an eight-year low of 169,980 tonne, or 2.83 million 60-kilogram bags, in the current year ending Sept 30, from 229,320 tonne, or 3.82 million bags, a year earlier. India, the worlds fifth-biggest coffee exporter is set to witness decline as farmers and traders are withholding beans on expectations of higher prices.One of the biggest problems face the traders in the Indian coffee industry is the time difference between India and the New York and London trading centres. Indian traders were now finding it difficult to postpone their risk. The local exchange functioned only till 5pm when the LIFFE and NYBOT and other European markets functioned till over 11.30 pm IST.

Comparing Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper; and Kate Cho

Comparing Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper and Kate Chopins The Story of an HourThe Yellow Wallpaper, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and The Story of an Hour, by Kate Chopin, are alike in that both of the women in the stories were controlled by their husbands which caused them to feel an intense desire for freedom. Both stories were also written from a feminist point of view. However, the women in the stories had unlike life changes and different responses to their own freedom as a result of that change. In both stories the womens husbands had direct control over their lives. In The Yellow Wallpaper the narrators husband controlled her both mentally and physically. He does not allow her to have any sort of mental or physical stimulation. She is virtually impris stard in her bedroom, supposedly to allow her to assuagement and recover her health. She is forbidden to work and not even supposed to write. She does not even have a say in the location or dcor of the room she is forced to spend almost even moment in. Furthermore, visitors are absolutely not allowed. She says, It is so discouraging not to have any advice and family about my work-but he says he would as soon put fireworks in my pillow-case as to let me have those stimulating people about now(Gilman 635). Mrs. Mallard in The Story of an Hour had to deal with the same sort of affliction. Her husband had control over her body and soul. She felt that he lived her life for her and did not believe that anyone had the right to impose a underground will on a fellow creature (Chopin 13). This control caused both women to long for freedom from their husbands oppressive behavior. In The Yellow Wallpaper it seems that the narrator wishes to drive her husband out. She explains, John is away all day, and even some nights when his cases are serious. I am glad my case is not serious (Gilman 634) This quote shows that she is glad to see her husband away so that she may be left alone to do as she pleases w ithout interference from her husband. She is frequently rebelling against her husbands orders. She writes in her journal and tries to move her bed when there is no one around to see her. However, she always keeps an eye out for someone coming. The intense desire for freedom is even more obvious in The Story of an Hour. Mrs. Mallards appetite for freed... ...her husbands death, she wept at once, with sudden, wild abandonment (Chopin 12). But, her regret was short lived. She soon was overcome with the joy that her husband would no longer control her. Her fancy was running riot along those days ahead of her. Spring days, and summer days, and all sorts of day that would be her own (Chopin 13). However, when she realized that her husband was not really dead, she was overcome by grief again. The resulting grief because her husband was not dead was so intense that it killed her.The Yellow Wallpaper and The Story of an Hour have many similarities between the two. Both stories had controll ing husbands that directly led to the their wives yearn for freedom. The stories were also both written from a feminist point of view. But, the women had different types of life changes and different responses to the change in their life.Works Cited Choplin, Kate. The Story of an Hour. Literature for Composition. Ed. inelegant Barnet et al. 5th ed. New York Longman, 2000, 12-13.Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper. Literature for Composition. Ed. Sylvan Barnet et al. 5th ed. New York Longman, 2000, 12-13.

Worldwide Telecommunication, Inc. Prepares for Cultural Diversity Essay

Worldwide Telecommunication, Inc. Prepares for Cultural DiversityAbstractWorldwide Telecommunication, Incorporated (Inc.) is a growing telecommunications follow that has an international workforce which changes continuously. As the phoners international personnel base expands, the needs of the employees will vary and become more diverse. As new employees come aboard, the organization will gather up that not all workers have the same requirements or requests. Worldwide Telecommunication, Inc. must be able to fulfill the needs of staff at all levels unheeding of any potential cultural barriers. Whether the employees needs are basic or complex, Worldwide Telecommunication, Inc. is positioning itself for the challenge.Worldwide Telecommunication, Inc. Prepares for Cultural DiversityWorldwide Telecommunication, Inc. is an innovative companionship which offers communication solutions to customers all over the world. Worldwide Telecommunication, Inc. provides long-distance service and equipment, cellular phones, satellite TV, computers, pagers, calling cards, email, voicemail, wireless services, web services, and more. Due to global availability of the offered products and services, the company has determined the need to employ a universal workforce. Multicultural workforce will allow Worldwide Telecommunication, Inc. to effectively operate and service all customers two locally and internationally. As an equal opportunity-employer, the company employs individuals regardless of their ethnicity, creed, gender, or social class. However, the common element of all employees is that they possess the required skills, knowledge, and experience to carry expose the job requirements. As a result, the mixture of multicultural barriers does affect teamwork and communication within our large company. The culturally connected obstacles range from language barriers to individual selective perception. Throughout the course of this paper, we will analyze these barriers and concl ude how Worldwide Telecommunication, Inc. will benefit from a diverse workforce.Worldwide Telecommunication, Inc. is an amazing company in which to chase a lifelong career. The organization is profitable and business focused, yet still understands the special needs of its employees and customers. Successful, expanding organizations often face the threat of losing the strong and unique cultures that... ...r employees. fashioning the commitments to ensure that each employee is understood will guarantee that the company is successful. Cultural diversity can act upon a whole new environment to a company. Changing the atmosphere with trading and understanding could lead to the success or failure of Worldwide Telecommunication, Inc. There is so much that each employee can bring to the company it is important to know each individual and his or her contributions outside of their cultural differences.Works CitedBarnett, J. H., & Weathersby, R. (1995, Winter/Spring). Shedding cowboy ways for global thinking. lineage Forum, 20(1/2), 9-14. Retrieved April 19, 2005, from EBSCOhost.Gayeski, D. M. (1998, April 11). How to create Learning systems to sustain strong organizational cultures. Retrieved April 18, 2005, from http//www.omnicomassociates.com/culture.htmlPowers, B. E. (2004). Culture-driven diversity requires a passionate commitment nine tips to harnessing diversity for business growth. Retrieved April 19, 2005, from http//www.refresher.comRau-Foster, M. (2000, April). Conflict in the workplace. Retrieved April 18, 2005, from http//www.workplaceissues.com/arcomflict.htm